I don’t know也可以用作插入语
■本站特约作者 刘永科
■“I don’t know也可用作插入语”,这个命题对不对?
“特殊疑问句”,是说话人想从他们那里得到答案(这个答案不是Yes和No,而是具体的内容)。特殊疑问句中,最典型的放在特殊疑问词之后的插入语,就是Do you think。比如:
What do you think will happen next? 你觉得下面会发生什么?
Who do you think will win the first prize? 你觉得哪个会获得一等奖?
How do you think the war broke out? 你觉得那场战争是如何爆发的?
When do you think
Where do you think we can get this machine? 你看大家在什么地方能搞到这种机器?
Why do you think most of children like cartoon? 你觉得为何孩子们喜欢卡通?
Which do you think is the best way to spend the money? 你们感觉花这笔钱最好的办法是什么?
之所以认定Do you think为插入语,是由于Do you think并没改变特殊疑问句的意义,只不过改变了句子原有些结构(事实上,当特殊疑问词作主语时,加了Do you think也没改变句子语序,比如:What do you think will happen next? 去掉Do you think,语序不变:What will happen next?)。
假如以上所有句子都去掉Do you think,那样意思没变化。Do you think只为强调说话人征求他们的怎么看而已。
此外,I don’t know也可以跟特殊疑问句连用,等于一个插入成分。跟Do you think不一样的是,特殊疑问句是它的宾语从句。比如:
A. What will happen next?
B. I don’t know what will happen next.
这两句在乎思上没什么差别:都是表达了“我不了解将来会发生什么”。只是句子形式不同,句A是特殊疑问句,句B是陈述句。
■大家再看下面一组句子:
第一组:(含特殊疑问词what)
1. What will become of us if the war breaks out? 假如战争爆发大家会如何?
2. I don’t know what will become of us if the war breaks out.
3. If the war breaks out, I don’t know what will become of us.
第二组:(含特殊疑问词who)
1. Who will care for him if his wife dies? 假若他老婆去世了,哪个照顾他?
2. I don’t know who will care for him if his wife dies.
3. If his wife dies, I don’t know who will care for him.
第三组:(含特殊疑问词when)
1. If we offer you the job, when will you be free to join us? 假如大家给你这个工作,你什么时间可以到大家这儿来。
2. I don’t know when you will be free to join us if we offer you the job.
3. If we offer you the job, I don’t know when you will be free to join us.
第四组:(含特殊疑问词where)
1. If I believe this thought, where will it lead me? 假如我相信这个想法,它将把我带往什么地方?
2. I don’t know where it will lead me if I believe this thought.
3. If I believe this thought, I don’t know where it will lead me.
第五组:(含特殊疑问词how)
1. How will he survive if he can’t beg? 假如他不可以乞讨,他将怎么样存活?
2. I don’t know how he will survive if he can’t beg.
3. If he can’t beg, I don’t know how he will survive.
以上5组句子,分别含有特殊疑问词what, who, when, where, how。综合特征剖析如下:
1. 句1,是一个含有if条件句的复合句,主句是特殊疑问句形式。
2. 句2,是在这个复合句之前加了I don’t know。如此,复合句变成了I don’t know的宾语从句。
3. 句3,假如说句2中的I don’t know还不算真的的插入语的话,那样,句3中的I don’t know放在了if从句之后、主句之前,就变成了地地地道的插入成分。再从If 从句和主句的意思关联看,I don’t know并不是是If从句的主句,它与If 从句的内容毫不相干。如:If his wife dies, I don’t know who will care for him. 这个句子中,条件句If his wife dies跟主句who will care for him的意思有关,跟I don’t know无关。也就是说,If his wife dies是who will care for him的条件状语,不是I don’t know的条件。这第三证明了I don’t know是插入成分。
“I don’t know也是一种插入语”,作者不惜篇幅去论证这个问题,旨在为了帮助网友正确理解一道考试试题,同时排除该题是“错综时间虚拟条件句”这个说法。
下面,是网上流传的一道英语考试试题:
Thank you very much indeed. If it had not been for your advice I really _____ what I should have done.
A.do not know B.have not known C.had not known D. would not have known.
(答案:选A)
该题目的命题者,可能是出于猎奇的心理,或者说有点想方设法。为了制造麻烦,选取了一个与虚拟句无关的插入语I don’t know 为选择题。
追根求源,这个句子来自《牛津英语使用方法指南》,是if使用方法条目下If it had not been for的一个例句,Thank you very much indeed.这句话原来没,是命题人加上去的。
由于这个句子的出处没问题,而且颇具权威性,所以,有人拿来作为命题的题干,目的是给学生增加迷惑度。原句是:
If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what I’d have done. 要不是你的帮忙,真不了解我当时会如何解决。
假如把插入语I don’t know放在句首,则比较容易理解:
I don’t know what I would have done if it hadn’t been for your help.
或者直接删去不需要,句子意思仍然维持不变:
What would I have done if it hadn’t been for your help?
无独有偶,《柯林斯高级英语词典》上也有如此一句:If we had been spotted at that point, I don’t know what would have happened to us. 假如当时大家被发现了,我不了解会有哪些后果。
假如把插入语I don’t know放在句首,则比较容易理解:
I don’t know what would have happened to us if we had been spotted at that point.
或者直接删去不需要,句子意思仍然维持不变:
What would have happened to us if we had been spotted at that point?
无论是真实条件句还是虚拟条件句,都是用来修饰主句谓语动词的,说明主句谓语动词发生的条件。If it hadn’t been for your help, I don’t know what I’d have done. 这个句子中,If it hadn’t been for your help一定不会修饰I don’t know,它是修饰What would I have done的。因此,I don’t know只能视为“插入语”。
把I don’t know视为“插入语”,类似难点就会迎刃而解。